| Lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum) | Inhibition abnormal fermentation of intestinal spoilage bacteriaImprovement of gut health and intestinal regulation | Primarily anaerobic |
| Bacillus (Bacillus subtilis) | Production of protease and amylase, enhancing feed efficiency and digestibility | Primarily aerobic |
| Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) | Improve palatability and disease resistanceActivation of beneficial intestinal bacteria | Primarily aerobic |
| Fermentation byproducts | Rich in enzymes, organic acids, amino acids, and unknown growth factor | Increases with longer fermentation duration |